An important national legal document is Law on LMOs of Mongolia (2007) and as a Party to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the “Law on Living Modified Organisms” was passed by the State Great Khural on June 18, 2007 in order to create a legal environment for biosafety in Mongolia, therefore becoming the first such legal document regarding biosafety in Mongolia. The law has 4 chapters and 20 articles, and addresses the following: goals, definitions, the National Biosafety Committee, the powers of the committee, Trans-boundary movement of living modified organisms; General requirements on trans-boundary movement of LMOs, its prohibition, suspension and destroying; Border check point for LMOs trans-boundary movement, production and manufacturing of LMOs; Risk assessment of living modified organisms; Technology confidentiality; Ensuring biosafety, use of LMOs, Rights and obligations of individuals, business entities or Organizations in regard of biosafety; Involvement of individuals and NGOs in preventing from and abolition of damages caused by LMOs; Financing of biosafety; Professional inspection of LMOs, its use and trans-boundary movement; Registration of LMOs; and Liability. Another important legal document is the revised National Security Concept of 2010, which includes the following provisions related to biosafety and public emergency pandemics: for example, Human Security Section has taken action of the Ensure quality and safety through the development of standard requirements, control, and regulatory systems for the production, trade, export, and import of medical devices, medicines, vaccines, and biological products. Promote domestic production and the establishment of a biotechnology complex, and the modernize the veterinary medical system, enhance the capacity to combat infectious animal diseases, and improve systems for infection prevention, protection, and biosafety. Such us Environmental Section has taken action of the strengthen the legal framework for dealing with Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) and enhance the capacity for biosafety, risk assessment, and regulation.

not regulated.

Articles 6 and 7 of the Act of LMO provide for the border crossing of LMOs. Including: INTRODUCTION AND EXTRACTION OF LMOs ACROSS STATE BORDERS, RISK ASSESSMENT Article 6. Introduction of GMOs across the state border 6.1.Permits for the export, import, and transit of LMOs specified in Article 8.1, Clause 1.17 of the Law on Permits shall be granted to citizens, enterprises, and organizations by the central state administrative organization in charge of environmental issues based on the conclusion of the National Committee, and the transfer of such permits is prohibited. 6.2.The approval model will be approved by the member of the government in charge of environmental issues. 6.3.Citizens, enterprises, and organizations shall submit a request for a permit to bring LMOs across the state border to the central state administrative organization in charge of environmental issues in writing or electronically. 6.4.Citizens, enterprises, and organizations shall attach the following documents to their request for permission: 6.4.1. statement of the importing party or conclusion on risk assessment by an accredited academic institution authorized by the Government of the importing and exporting country for LMOs; 6.4.2. introduction to the characteristics of LMOs and description of conditions that can reproduce; 6.4.3. report on environmental impact assessment of LMOs; 6.4.4. safety rules during contact with LMOs, recommendations and instructions for measures to prevent any risks; 6.4.5. a copy of the identity card for a citizen, a copy of the state registration certificate for an enterprise or organization (the authorized person receiving the document will compare the copy with the original and mark the accuracy of the copy free of charge), if submitted by mail, a notarized copy. 6.5.The central state administrative organization in charge of environmental issues shall make a decision on the approval specified in Article 6.1 of this law within 30 days based on the opinion of the National Committee in accordance with the procedure specified in Article 5.3 of the Law on Permits. 6.6.The central state administrative organization in charge of environmental issues shall cancel the permit on the following grounds: 6.6.1. falsified the documents specified in Article 6.4 of this law; 6.6.2. LMOs brought across the border on the basis of permission were found to be dangerous. 6.7.The safety rules during contact with LMOs, recommendations and instructions for measures to prevent any risks shall be approved by the member of the Government in charge of emergencies. 6.8.Acquisition and replacement of the central state administrative organization in charge of environmental issues using its own or public information infrastructure Article 7. General requirements for the introduction of LMOs across the state border, prohibition of entry and transit across the state border, temporary detention and destruction 7.1.The relevant provisions of the Law on Quarantine Control and Inspection of Animals, Plants, Raw Materials and Products Derived from them shall be applied to the general requirements for the introduction of LMOs across the state border, the prohibition of entry, transit, temporary detention, and destruction of LMOs across the state border. 7.2.The destruction and detoxification of LMOs, which have been determined to be dangerous by risk assessment, will be carried out under the supervision of the state inspector.

Yes, our country has established regulations related to food and food ingredients. For example: The National Biosafety Committee worked to included clauses managing LMOs and LMO products in the newly revised Law on Food and the proposed legislation of the Law on Food Safety, with both being ratified by a Government session on December 20, 2012. The above legislation includes LMO provisions as per follows: Law on Food Article 7. Foods originating from living modified organisms 7.1. Living modified organism food products means any foodstuffs that originate from living modified organismss, containing detectable novel combinations of replicable genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology. 7.2. Living modified organism food products shall be registered by the central administrative body in charge of foodstuffs according to sub-article 14.1 of the Law on Food Safety. 7.3. Public awareness on the importation of living modified organism foodstuffs will be raised by the central administrative body in charge of food monitoring (hereinafter referred to as the “monitoring body”) and the organization in charge of biosafety using electronic means. 7.4. Living modified organism foodstuffs are prohibited to be purchased using foreign aid and loans. Law on Food Safety; Article 12. Packaging and labeling of raw materials and food products 12.5.3. lnternationally and/or domestically recognized signs and codes must be present for food additives and organic food, and if the raw materials and/or food products are derived from LMOs. Article 14. Raw materials and food products derived from LMOs 14.1. Procedures for performing risk assessment and registering raw materials and food products derived from LMOs shall be jointly approved by the State Administrative Authorities in charge of Health, Food and Environment.. 14.2. The Inspection Body shall conduct inspection on first-time imports, and on domestically produced raw materials and food products derived from LMOs. 14.3. lt is prohibited to supply raw materials and food products derived from LMOs that did not undergo risk assessment and registration processes as specified in Article 14.1. Article 19. Liabilities to be imposed for violators of the Law 19.1.7. For placing raw materials and food products derived from LMOs on the market in violation of Article 14.3 of this Law, the guilty person shall be fined the amount equal to 20 times minimum monthly wages.

so far, there has been no progress on the above issue.

so far, there has been no progress on the above issue.

Laboratory facilities for monitoring or managing LMOs. Including: A comprehensive assessment of the conditions of state-owned and private laboratories in Mongolia with the research work "Registration of microorganisms and pure cultures kept and used in laboratories operating in the fields of biotechnology, molecular biology, genetics and microbiology" conducted in 2011 and 2016 by order of the National Biosafety Committee and the main conclusions and results of the research are summarized in this study. • Enabling and Implementation of rules and regulations for ensuring biosafety activities - There are regulations and instructions related to ensuring biosafety in the bio-laboratories, but there are some shortcomings in its implementation, registration improvement, feedback, control and monitoring. Most of the investigated laboratories do not have a biosafety manager (officer) or working group or board, and no practical measures have been taken in this regard, and there is no record of accidents, internal infections in the laboratory, and no record of people entering or working temporarily, as well as checking the integrity of personal protective equipment. These are still common deficiencies that are not improving. There is an urgent need for accreditation for key national laboratories. • To improve the laboratory building and its facility - Most of the buildings and structures of the laboratories are located in old, risky areas, they are often on public area, and there is no security in the facilities. This endangers the safety not only of laboratory workers, but also of workers and residents nearby, as well as making monitoring, removal, countermeasures in the event of a danger or accident more difficult, and significantly increases costs. In most laboratories, due to inadequate engineering networks, placement of equipment, workplace planning, and internal organization, there are many accidents involving the reliable operation of equipment, damages, power outages, burns, water loss, fire, and health damage to laboratory personnel. It may also increase the risk of bioagents. • Handling with bioagent and chemical substance and waste disposal management level - The issue of safe handling, transport, disposal and safe handling of bioagents and harmful chemicals used in laboratories has improved in Mongolia in recent years. However, there may be situations where biosafety is compromised due to inadequate budgeting for the disposal of toxic chemicals and biohazardous waste. • It appears that the laboratory workers are not familiar with the relevant regulations regarding the major classification of bioagents, their levels, and lack of understanding of how to properly handle them. This increases the possibility of bioagents carrying, leaking, and endangering the health and life of laboratory staff.

In recent years, oil and animal feed crops, namely rapeseed, corn, soy, and oat, have been grown to a larger degree in Mongolia’s central breadbasket of Tuv, Selenge, Bulgan, and Darkhan-Uul provinces. The purpose of this study is to provide monitoring to oil and animal feed crops being grown in these areas. It is important to reflect LMO issues in agricultural policy and planning for crop cultivation by obtaining samples from agricultural lands with unregistered oil and animal feed crops possibly containing transferred genes and that have not undergone risk assessment, subjecting them to tests, and determine if transferred genes are present. The study incorporated gathering information on plants with transferred genes; collecting samples based on gathered information and performing registration tasks on geographic information; performing molecular biological experiments on collected samples (genomic DNA extraction, determine transferred genes); and develop guidelines based on the results of this study. From the 230 samples used in the study, 7 samples were found to have transferred genes when tested with an experiment modified genes. Of these 7 samples, 3 were collected from oats, and 4 were from oil crops.

Article 7 of the Law on on living modified organisms as follows. Article 7.General requirements on trans-boundary movement of living modified organism, its prohibition, suspension and destroying 7.1.The relevant provisions of the Law on Quarantine control and inspection of animals, plants, or commodities and raw materials originated thereof shall apply on general requirements for trans-boundary movement of living modified organisms, its prohibition, suspension and destroying.

Capacity building on human resources and technical is needed.

Law on transparency of public information and Law on personal data protection is regulated in Mongolia.

the information related to LMOs is open to the public, public will be interested according to their own decision.

In 2012, our country joined the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Additional Protocol on on Liability and Redress. The national implementing body is the National Committee for Biosafety. As a member country of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the National Committee for Biosafety (NBC) was established on April 24, 2008 under the Ministry of Education and Culture, which is responsible for fulfilling its obligations to the international community and managing and organizing activities to ensure biosafety in Mongolia. The chairman of the committee will be a member of the government in charge of environmental issues, and the ministries of environment, agriculture, health, foreign relations, education, and science, the General Department of Professional Inspection, the General Department of Customs, the General Directorate of Intelligence, the General Directorate of Emergency Situations, 19 part-time members consisting of representatives of the Zoonotic Research Center, the Institute of Public Health, the National Food Safety Council, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions, and academic institutions operating with a secretary.

1.The issue of compensation and non-damage caused by LMOs should be legislated and amended in relevant legislation. 2.It is necessary for the government to create a mechanism for the implementation of technology and value-added payments by creating public-private partnerships to support the development of modern biotechnology. 3.In Mongolia, it is necessary to fully register LMOs and their products, create a database, and immediately register additional products and raw materials used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. 4.It is necessary to carry out an environmental impact assessment and a basic study of potential risks following the registration of a control inventory in the entire agricultural area of oilseeds and plants with transgenic genes. 5.It is advisable to carry out a risk assessment of the results of GMOs and synthetic biology and implement a policy to tighten control at all levels. 6.Since there is no comprehensive policy and planning to prevent the risk of biosafety, biosecurity, and bioterrorism in our country, the supervision of laboratories operating in the fields of biotechnology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and microbiology is weak, and it is difficult to create a unified network rather than participate in the activities of the organization. is organized. In addition, there is a legitimate need to bring the level of biosafety of the laboratory to the international level. 7.It is necessary to study the policy documents being developed in the field of chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear risk reduction at the regional level, comprehensively consider the issues in this area at the national level, and immediately establish an interdisciplinary coordination unit. However, it is necessary to urgently start operating a system to strengthen the existing human resource capacity, biosecurity control of laboratories, and reduce the risks that may arise from the results of modern biotechnology. 8. The biggest reason, which is the lack of budget and finance, should be increased by policy, and investment issues should be resolved.